Over the last few months, there has been fairly wide-spread recognition that most offerings in the United States of tokens and of Simple Agreements for Future Tokens (SAFTs) are securities offerings.1 As a result, most U.S. token and SAFT offerings are made solely to accredited investors in private placements under Rule 506(c) of Regulation D.2 On December 11, 2017, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) dramatically emphasized the wisdom of this approach, both by publicly taking action to stop an unregistered public token offering, and through a written (and fairly unusual) statement by the SEC's Chairman discussing securities law issues related to token offerings.3
There has been much less public focus, however, on how the federal securities laws impact token issuers, token platforms, and token holders after the token or SAFT offering is completed. At some point, many (but by no means all) tokens that start out as securities may no longer be securities,4 and the federal securities laws may then no longer be relevant to the tokens or to the token platform.
Until a token no longer is a security, the federal securities laws will impose a number of restrictions and limitations on the company that issued the tokens, on purchasers and sellers of those tokens, and perhaps on token holders who would like to use the tokens for their intended commercial uses on the relevant token platform. This article will try to help token issuers think through some of these issues, especially in light of the relatively limited guidance on or public discussion of these issues by the SEC.
In this article, the term "S-Tokens" refers to tokens that are currently securities, but eventually will or may not be securities, because they have or will have some anticipated use or utility on an issuer's platform, and not to tokens that are digital representations of securities (such as tokens representing common stock or limited liability company interests, which are and presumably always will be securities). The term "platform" refers to the online protocol or protocols developed by a token issuer and on which a token is designed to be used.
Can Holders Use S-Tokens on the Platform?
We believe the answer is yes, even though the SEC and the courts have not yet addressed this issue. As discussed below, a U.S. holder can sell or transfer a token that is a security only in limited circumstances and ways. Nonetheless, we believe that a token holder may use such a token on a platform to obtain commercial goods or services, and that the transaction should not be treated as a securities transaction.5 We believe that this is true regardless of whether the holder is or is not an accredited investor.
How Can Non-Accredited Investors Receive S-Tokens?
We believe that there are several ways, some of which are listed below, although the SEC and the courts have not yet addressed this issue. In general, non-accredited investors cannot participate in the pre-sale or similar offering of tokens or an SAFT.6 However, in many cases, it is important for non-accredited investors to have access to S-Tokens, including to help generate and support significant use of the platform. Among the ways we think issuers may get S-Tokens into the hands of non-accredited investors are:
How Can Holders Sell S-Tokens?
We believe that there are several ways that a holder of S-Tokens, such as an accredited investor, or a vendor who has received those S-Tokens in exchange for goods or services on the Platform, can sell those S-Tokens; again, though, the SEC and the courts have not yet addressed this issue.
Other Emerging Securities Law Issues
For more information about the regulation of coin offerings, please contact Amy Caiazza or any member of the fintech and financial services practice at Wilson Sonsini.
This article was authored by Robert H. Rosenblum, with significant assistance from Amy Caiazza. The opinions expressed in the article are the authors' views and do not necessarily reflect the views of Wilson Sonsini.